Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MWP_EventListener_PublicRequest_SetHitCounter::$requestStack is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/worker/src/MWP/EventListener/PublicRequest/SetHitCounter.php on line 53

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MWP_Worker_Kernel::$responseCallback is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/worker/src/MWP/Worker/Kernel.php on line 38

Deprecated: base64_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/worker/src/MWP/Worker/Request.php on line 198

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ACF::$fields is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/fields.php on line 138

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_loop::$loops is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/loop.php on line 28

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ACF::$loop is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/loop.php on line 269

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ACF::$revisions is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/revisions.php on line 387

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_validation::$errors is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/validation.php on line 28

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ACF::$validation is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/validation.php on line 215

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_form_customizer::$preview_values is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/forms/form-customizer.php on line 28

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_form_customizer::$preview_fields is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/forms/form-customizer.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_form_customizer::$preview_errors is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/forms/form-customizer.php on line 30

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ACF::$form_front is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/forms/form-front.php on line 600

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_form_widget::$preview_values is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/forms/form-widget.php on line 34

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_form_widget::$preview_reference is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/forms/form-widget.php on line 35

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_form_widget::$preview_errors is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/forms/form-widget.php on line 36

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WooCommerce::$api is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/class-woocommerce.php on line 556

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Automattic\WooCommerce\Database\Migrations\CustomOrderTable\PostToOrderTableMigrator::$table_names is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/src/Database/Migrations/CustomOrderTable/PostToOrderTableMigrator.php on line 25

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Automattic\WooCommerce\Database\Migrations\CustomOrderTable\PostToOrderAddressTableMigrator::$table_names is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/src/Database/Migrations/CustomOrderTable/PostToOrderAddressTableMigrator.php on line 42

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Automattic\WooCommerce\Database\Migrations\CustomOrderTable\PostToOrderOpTableMigrator::$table_names is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/src/Database/Migrations/CustomOrderTable/PostToOrderOpTableMigrator.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Automattic\WooCommerce\Database\Migrations\CustomOrderTable\PostMetaToOrderMetaMigrator::$table_names is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/src/Database/Migrations/CustomOrderTable/PostMetaToOrderMetaMigrator.php on line 43

Deprecated: Return type of SkyVerge\WooCommerce\PluginFramework\v5_10_12\SV_WC_DateTime::getTimestamp() should either be compatible with DateTime::getTimestamp(): int, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-gateway-paypal-powered-by-braintree/vendor/skyverge/wc-plugin-framework/woocommerce/compatibility/class-sv-wc-datetime.php on line 85

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Core_HTTPInterface::$expects_json is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/components/HTTPInterface.php on line 305

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Core_HTTPInterface::$owner is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/components/HTTPInterface.php on line 307

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Core_API_Spam_ReCaptcha::$data_utils is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/components/api/Service.php on line 244

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Core_API_Spam_ReCaptcha::$API_KEY_REQUIRED is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/components/api/Service.php on line 247

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Countries::$countries is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/class-wc-countries.php on line 51

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Library::$layout_tags is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/feature/Library.php on line 380

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Library::$layout_width is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/feature/Library.php on line 383

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 5704

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10366

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10534

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10556

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10576

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10605

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10634

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10666

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10690

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10724

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10760

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10791

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10939

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 10961

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 21028

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 21032

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_field_oembed::$width is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/fields/class-acf-field-oembed.php on line 31

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_field_oembed::$height is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/fields/class-acf-field-oembed.php on line 32

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_field_google_map::$default_values is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/fields/class-acf-field-google-map.php on line 33

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_field__group::$have_rows is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/includes/fields/class-acf-field-group.php on line 31

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_field_clone::$cloning is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/pro/fields/class-acf-field-clone.php on line 34

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property acf_field_clone::$have_rows is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/pro/fields/class-acf-field-clone.php on line 35

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Braintree_Credit_Card::$auth_environment is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-gateway-paypal-powered-by-braintree/includes/class-wc-gateway-braintree.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Braintree_Credit_Card::$connection_settings is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-gateway-paypal-powered-by-braintree/vendor/skyverge/wc-plugin-framework/woocommerce/payment-gateway/class-sv-wc-payment-gateway.php on line 369

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Braintree_Credit_Card::$fraud_settings_title is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-gateway-paypal-powered-by-braintree/vendor/skyverge/wc-plugin-framework/woocommerce/payment-gateway/class-sv-wc-payment-gateway.php on line 369

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Braintree_Credit_Card::$threed_secure_title is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-gateway-paypal-powered-by-braintree/vendor/skyverge/wc-plugin-framework/woocommerce/payment-gateway/class-sv-wc-payment-gateway.php on line 369

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Braintree_PayPal::$auth_environment is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-gateway-paypal-powered-by-braintree/includes/class-wc-gateway-braintree.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Braintree_PayPal::$connection_settings is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-gateway-paypal-powered-by-braintree/vendor/skyverge/wc-plugin-framework/woocommerce/payment-gateway/class-sv-wc-payment-gateway.php on line 369

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Code_Snippets_Library::$code_snippets_categories is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/code-snippets/CodeSnippetsLibrary.php on line 114

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Code_Snippets_Library::$code_snippets_tags is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/code-snippets/CodeSnippetsLibrary.php on line 115

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Code_Snippets_Library::$code_snippets_type is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/code-snippets/CodeSnippetsLibrary.php on line 116

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Paypal::$testmode is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/paypal/class-wc-gateway-paypal.php on line 60

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Paypal::$debug is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/paypal/class-wc-gateway-paypal.php on line 61

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Paypal::$email is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/paypal/class-wc-gateway-paypal.php on line 62

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Paypal::$receiver_email is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/paypal/class-wc-gateway-paypal.php on line 63

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Paypal::$identity_token is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/paypal/class-wc-gateway-paypal.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_BACS::$instructions is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/bacs/class-wc-gateway-bacs.php on line 49

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_BACS::$account_details is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/bacs/class-wc-gateway-bacs.php on line 52

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Cheque::$instructions is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/cheque/class-wc-gateway-cheque.php on line 41

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_COD::$instructions is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/cod/class-wc-gateway-cod.php on line 40

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_COD::$enable_for_methods is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/cod/class-wc-gateway-cod.php on line 41

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_COD::$enable_for_virtual is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/cod/class-wc-gateway-cod.php on line 42

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Paypal::$testmode is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/paypal/class-wc-gateway-paypal.php on line 60

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Paypal::$debug is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/paypal/class-wc-gateway-paypal.php on line 61

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Paypal::$email is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/paypal/class-wc-gateway-paypal.php on line 62

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Paypal::$receiver_email is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/paypal/class-wc-gateway-paypal.php on line 63

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Gateway_Paypal::$identity_token is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/gateways/paypal/class-wc-gateway-paypal.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Cart::$coupon_discount_totals is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/legacy/class-wc-legacy-cart.php on line 266

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WC_Cart::$coupon_discount_tax_totals is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/legacy/class-wc-legacy-cart.php on line 266

Deprecated: preg_match(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($subject) of type string is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/worker/src/MWP/EventListener/PublicRequest/SetHitCounter.php on line 113

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Core_PageResource::$location is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/components/PageResource.php on line 306

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Field_BoxShadow::$template is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/module/field/BoxShadow.php on line 17

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Core_PageResource::$location is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/components/PageResource.php on line 306

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Woocommerce_Cart_Notice::$folder_name is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Woocommerce_Cart_Notice::$text_shadow is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Woocommerce_Cart_Notice::$margin_padding is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Woocommerce_Cart_Notice::$_additional_fields_options is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Woocommerce_Checkout_Additional_Info::$folder_name is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Woocommerce_Checkout_Additional_Info::$text_shadow is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Woocommerce_Checkout_Additional_Info::$margin_padding is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Woocommerce_Checkout_Additional_Info::$_additional_fields_options is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Section::$text_shadow is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Section::$margin_padding is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Section::$_additional_fields_options is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Row::$child_item_text is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Row::$text_shadow is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Row::$margin_padding is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Row::$_additional_fields_options is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Row_Inner::$child_item_text is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Row_Inner::$text_shadow is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Row_Inner::$margin_padding is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Row_Inner::$_additional_fields_options is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Column::$additional_shortcode_slugs is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Column::$advanced_setting_title_text is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Column::$text_shadow is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Column::$margin_padding is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Column::$_additional_fields_options is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315
Protecting Provisions - Food+City Deprecated: strstr(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($haystack) of type string is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/wc-page-functions.php on line 139
class="post-template post-template-single-story post-template-single-story-php single single-post postid-2585 single-format-standard theme-Divi woocommerce-no-js et_button_no_icon et_pb_button_helper_class et_fixed_nav et_show_nav et_pb_show_title et_secondary_nav_enabled et_primary_nav_dropdown_animation_fade et_secondary_nav_dropdown_animation_fade et_header_style_left et_pb_footer_columns2 et_cover_background et_pb_gutter et_pb_gutters3 et_pb_pagebuilder_layout et_full_width_page et_divi_theme et-db">

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Section::$_original_content is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Field_Border::$template is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/module/field/Border.php on line 48

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Helper_MultiViewOptions::$inherited_props is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/module/helpers/MultiViewOptions.php on line 686

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Field_Divider::$count is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/main-structure-elements.php on line 1498

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Row::$_original_content is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Column::$_original_content is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Text::$text_shadow is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Text::$margin_padding is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Text::$_additional_fields_options is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Text::$_original_content is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Helper_MultiViewOptions::$inherited_props is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/module/helpers/MultiViewOptions.php on line 686

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Image::$text_shadow is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Image::$margin_padding is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Image::$_additional_fields_options is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Image::$_original_content is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Helper_MultiViewOptions::$inherited_props is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/module/helpers/MultiViewOptions.php on line 686

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Gallery::$text_shadow is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Gallery::$margin_padding is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Gallery::$_additional_fields_options is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Gallery::$_original_content is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Helper_MultiViewOptions::$inherited_props is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/module/helpers/MultiViewOptions.php on line 686

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Toggle::$additional_shortcode_slugs is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Toggle::$text_shadow is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Toggle::$margin_padding is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Toggle::$_additional_fields_options is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Toggle::$_original_content is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Helper_MultiViewOptions::$inherited_props is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/module/helpers/MultiViewOptions.php on line 686

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Button::$text_shadow is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Button::$margin_padding is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Button::$_additional_fields_options is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Button::$_original_content is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/class-et-builder-element.php on line 1315

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ET_Builder_Module_Helper_MultiViewOptions::$inherited_props is deprecated in /nas/content/live/fc2/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/module/helpers/MultiViewOptions.php on line 686

Food packaging has been around as long as people have traded goods in markets. How else are you going to schlep that wine home across the desert? Given all that’s new in packaging and shelf-life technology, we’re taking a look back to some golden oldies, from skins and amphorae to the humble milk bottle.

Skins

Plants, animals and even humans have skins that inhibit the loss of water, so we will last longer. Food packaging performs the same function, inhibiting water loss and gain to extend freshness during transportation and storage. Too much water for any living creature causes cell death, so food scientists have been working for centuries to find the best way to provide a barrier between food and the environment.

Before the 17th century, that optimal barrier was literal skin. Leather bladders and other animal hides were convenient packaging materials beginning in prehistoric periods, and most “packages” for food were not removed during the cooking process. Animal bladders held meats and mixtures of vegetables and seasonings over the cooking fire. In a sense, haggis and natural sausage casings are modern-day versions of this ancient packaging.

Though we now have more options than our 17th-century ancestors did, we still protect many foods from spoilage by applying a protective skin.

Think of spoilage this way: Any perishable food ingredient, processed or unprocessed, breathes just like we do, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. Bacteria grows faster if it exists in conditions that enable it to breathe, allowing it to break down the plant or animal cells. That’s why you frequently see cheeses and fruits covered with wax. The Chinese popularized this tactic during the 12th century, when they wrapped citrus fruits in wax to decrease the interior oxygen content and ensure the fruits made it to the emperor’s table. Different types of waxes (e.g., sugar cane and carnauba) are often applied by spraying or dipping fruits and vegetables to preserve or improve the appearance and protect the produce during storage.

Wax isn’t the only kind of protective skin: Victorians used lard to coat food, and M&Ms are covered with confectioner’s shellac, a substance made of an insect-derived coating that’s produced in India and called lac dye. Your french fries remain white and crispy because of a coating applied during processing to inhibit discoloration. Some other coatings aren’t so natural, including calcium acetate and calcium ascorbate. Even wheat gluten becomes a skin for some foods that are not grain-related at all.

Jars and Pottery

Three thousand clay jars of fermented fish sauce emerged gently from the sea in 2015. A team of archeologists led by Simon Luca Trigona celebrated their trove after two years of painstaking work around a Roman ship that was built sometime in the first or second century. These containters, called amphorae (singularly, amphora), have been around since the Neolithic Period (10,000 to 2,000 BCE). They were made of clay and often carried wine, oil or a fish sauce known as garum. The fish sauce, which resembled ketchup, was most likely from Spain and bound for Roman markets.

Fish sauce traveled in pottery vessels long before the sinking of the Roman ship. At the time, clay was also used as a sealant for baskets that carried grain. To eliminate the absorption of liquids by the vessel, clay, resin or pitch coated the interior surfaces. Manufacturers of amphorae applied a stamp to the outside that indicated its origin. In some cases, other information would be written or painted on to indicate weights, contents and market information.

Not often recycled, Greek and Roman amphorae were broken up after they reached their destinations. Rome’s Monte Testaccio is a mountain of these vessels, a Roman pottery garbage heap.

Clay amphorae

Glass, Crates and Cartons

Milk travels along the supply chain in bulk and consumer packaging, contained in glass, plastic and paper. A rusty milk jug worked its way up to the soil surface in our backyard last summer, with a metal label indicating it had belonged to the Turner Center Creamery in Auburn, Maine. The creamery, which operated in Auburn in 1893, manufactured the first commercial ice cream in New England. Customers would send jugs to dairies where the farmers would refill and deliver the milk back to the customer.

In more urban areas, metal milk jugs had been replaced with glass bottles topped with metal caps. Alexander Campbell introduced these bottles in 1878 in Brooklyn, New York, and by the early 1900s, fiber material and paraffin covered the metal caps. At first, customers resisted the glass bottles because glass was commonly used for medicines from the drug stores, and dairies worried about broken glass. But distributors preferred glass for sanitation and easy handling, so both dairies and consumers overcame their concerns, and glass replaced the metal jugs until paperboard appeared in the early 20th century.

In 1915, John Van Wormer patented a wax-sealed paper carton with a gable top that could be shipped flat for assembly at the dairy. Gallon and half-gallon plastic jugs became the preferred package for milk by 1970, but paper milk cartons have made a comeback since being fitted with screw tops in the 1990s.

Plastic jugs travel to stores in milk crates, which were once made of metal, but were replaced with plastic by the 1960s. Each crate carries four to six one-gallon plastic milk jugs. About 20 million crates go missing every year, stolen for shredding and reselling at a profit. The International Dairy Foods Association (IDFA) estimates that U.S. dairy companies spend 
between $80 and $100 million to replace stolen or missing plastic milk crates (read about another beverage container that often falls out of the supply chain).